cadquery/doc/examples.rst

.. _examples:

*********************************
CadQuery Examples
*********************************



The examples on this page can help you learn how to build objects with CadQuery.

They are organized from simple to complex, so working through them in order is the best way to absorb them.

Each example lists the api elements used in the example for easy reference.
Items introduced in the example are marked with a **!**

.. note::

    You may want to work through these examples by pasting the text into a scratchpad on the live website.
    If you do, make sure to take these steps so that they work:

       1. paste the content into the build() method, properly intented, and
       2. add the line 'return result' at the end. The samples below are autogenerated, but they use a different
          syntax than the models on the website need to be.

.. note::

    We strongly recommend installing FreeCAD, and the   `cadquery-freecad-module <https://github.com/jmwright/cadquery-freecad-module>`_,
    so that you can work along with these examples interactively. See :ref:`installation` for more info.

.. warning::

    * You have to have an svg capable browser to view these!

.. contents:: List of Examples
    :backlinks: entry


Simple Rectangular Plate
------------------------

Just about the simplest possible example, a rectangular box

.. cq_plot::

    result = cadquery.Workplane("front").box(2.0, 2.0, 0.5)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box` **!**

Plate with Hole
------------------------

A rectangular box, but with a hole added.

"\>Z" selects the top most face of the resulting box.  The hole is located in the center because the default origin
of a working plane is at the center of the face.  The default hole depth is through the entire part.

.. cq_plot::

        # The dimensions of the box. These can be modified rather than changing the
        # object's code directly.
        length = 80.0
        height = 60.0
        thickness = 10.0
        center_hole_dia = 22.0

        # Create a box based on the dimensions above and add a 22mm center hole
        result = cq.Workplane("XY").box(length, height, thickness) \
            .faces(">Z").workplane().hole(center_hole_dia)

        build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.hole` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`

An extruded prismatic solid
-------------------------------

Build a prismatic solid using extrusion. After a drawing operation, the center of the previous object
is placed on the stack, and is the reference for the next operation. So in this case, the rect() is drawn
centered on the previously draw circle.

By default, rectangles and circles are centered around the previous working point.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").circle(2.0).rect(0.5, 0.75).extrude(0.5)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Building Profiles using lines and arcs
--------------------------------------

Sometimes you need to build complex profiles using lines and arcs.  This example builds a prismatic
solid from 2-d operations.

2-d operations maintain a current point, which is initially at the origin. Use close() to finish a
closed curve.


.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").lineTo(2.0, 0).lineTo(2.0, 1.0).threePointArc((1.0, 1.5),(0.0, 1.0))\
        .close().extrude(0.25)
    build_object(result)


.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.threePointArc` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.lineTo` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Moving The Current working point
---------------------------------

In this example, a closed profile is required, with some interior features as well.

This example also demonstrates using multiple lines of code instead of longer chained commands,
though of course in this case it was possible to do it in one long line as well.

A new work plane center can be established at any point.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").circle(3.0) #current point is the center of the circle, at (0,0)
    result = result.center(1.5, 0.0).rect(0.5, 0.5) # new work center is  (1.5, 0.0)

    result = result.center(-1.5, 1.5).circle(0.25) # new work center is ( 0.0, 1.5).
    #the new center is specified relative to the previous center, not global coordinates!

    result = result.extrude(0.25)
    build_object(result)


.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.center` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`

Using Point Lists
---------------------------

Sometimes you need to create a number of features at various locations, and using :py:meth:`Workplane.center`
is too cumbersome.

You can use a list of points to construct multiple objects at once. Most construction methods,
like :py:meth:`Workplane.circle` and :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`, will operate on multiple points if they are on the stack

.. cq_plot::

   r = cq.Workplane("front").circle(2.0)                       # make base
   r = r.pushPoints( [ (1.5, 0),(0, 1.5),(-1.5, 0),(0, -1.5) ] )     # now four points are on the stack
   r = r.circle( 0.25 )                                      # circle will operate on all four points
   result = r.extrude(0.125 )                               # make prism
   build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.points` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`

Polygons
-------------------------

You can create polygons for each stack point if you would like. Useful in 3d printers whos firmware does not
correct for small hole sizes.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(3.0, 4.0, 0.25).pushPoints ( [ ( 0,0.75 ),(0, -0.75) ]) \
        .polygon(6, 1.0).cutThruAll()
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.polygon` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.pushPoints`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`

Polylines
-------------------------

:py:meth:`Workplane.polyline` allows creating a shape from a large number of chained points connected by lines.

This example uses a polyline to create one half of an i-beam shape, which is mirrored to create the final profile.

.. cq_plot::

        (L,H,W,t) = ( 100.0, 20.0, 20.0, 1.0)
        pts = [
            (0,H/2.0),
            (W/2.0,H/2.0),
            (W/2.0,(H/2.0 - t)),
            (t/2.0,(H/2.0-t)),
            (t/2.0,(t - H/2.0)),
            (W/2.0,(t -H/2.0)),
            (W/2.0,H/-2.0),
            (0,H/-2.0)
        ]
        result = cq.Workplane("front").polyline(pts).mirrorY().extrude(L)
        build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.polyline` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.mirrorY`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`



Defining an Edge with a Spline
------------------------------

This example defines a side using a spline curve through a collection of points. Useful when you have an edge that
needs a complex profile

.. cq_plot::

    s = cq.Workplane("XY")
    sPnts = [
        (2.75, 1.5),
        (2.5, 1.75),
        (2.0, 1.5),
        (1.5, 1.0),
        (1.0, 1.25),
        (0.5, 1.0),
        (0, 1.0)
    ]
    r = s.lineTo(3.0, 0).lineTo(3.0, 1.0).spline(sPnts).close()
    result = r.extrude(0.5)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.spline` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.close`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.lineTo`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`

Mirroring Symmetric Geometry
-----------------------------

You can mirror 2-d geometry when your shape is symmetric.  In this example we also
introduce horizontal and vertical lines, which make for slightly easier coding.


.. cq_plot::

   r = cq.Workplane("front").hLine(1.0)                            # 1.0 is the distance, not coordinate
   r = r.vLine(0.5).hLine(-0.25).vLine(-0.25).hLineTo(0.0)      # hLineTo allows using xCoordinate not distance
   result =r.mirrorY().extrude(0.25 )                           # mirror the geometry and extrude
   build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.hLine` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.vLine` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.hLineTo` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.mirrorY` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.mirrorX` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`

Mirroring 3D Objects
-----------------------------

.. cq_plot::

    result0 = (cadquery.Workplane("XY")
               .moveTo(10,0)
               .lineTo(5,0)
               .threePointArc((3.9393,0.4393),(3.5,1.5))
               .threePointArc((3.0607,2.5607),(2,3))
               .lineTo(1.5,3)
               .threePointArc((0.4393,3.4393),(0,4.5))
               .lineTo(0,13.5)
               .threePointArc((0.4393,14.5607),(1.5,15))
               .lineTo(28,15)
               .lineTo(28,13.5)
               .lineTo(24,13.5)
               .lineTo(24,11.5)
               .lineTo(27,11.5)
               .lineTo(27,10)
               .lineTo(22,10)
               .lineTo(22,13.2)
               .lineTo(14.5,13.2)
               .lineTo(14.5,10)
               .lineTo(12.5,10 )
               .lineTo(12.5,13.2)
               .lineTo(5.5,13.2)
               .lineTo(5.5,2)
               .threePointArc((5.793,1.293),(6.5,1))
               .lineTo(10,1)
               .close())
    result = result0.extrude(100)
    
    result = result.rotate((0, 0, 0),(1, 0, 0), 90)

    result = result.translate(result.val().BoundingBox().center.multiply(-1))

    mirXY_neg = result.mirror(mirrorPlane="XY", basePointVector=(0, 0, -30))
    mirXY_pos = result.mirror(mirrorPlane="XY", basePointVector=(0, 0, 30))
    mirZY_neg = result.mirror(mirrorPlane="ZY", basePointVector=(-30,0,0))
    mirZY_pos = result.mirror(mirrorPlane="ZY", basePointVector=(30,0,0))

    result = result.union(mirXY_neg).union(mirXY_pos).union(mirZY_neg).union(mirZY_pos) 
    
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.moveTo` 
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.lineTo`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.threePointArc`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`        
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.mirror`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.union`        
        * :py:meth:`CQ.rotate`        

Creating Workplanes on Faces
-----------------------------

This example shows how to locate a new workplane on the face of a previously created feature.

.. note::
    Using workplanes in this way are a key feature of CadQuery.  Unlike typical 3d scripting language,
    using work planes frees you from tracking the position of various features in variables, and
    allows the model to adjust itself with removing redundant dimensions

The :py:meth:`Workplane.faces()` method allows you to select the faces of a resulting solid. It accepts
a selector string or object, that allows you to target a single face, and make a workplane oriented on that
face.

Keep in mind that the origin of new workplanes are located at the center of a face by default.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(2,3, 0.5)            #make a basic prism
    result = result.faces(">Z").workplane().hole(0.5)   #find the top-most face and make a hole
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces` **!**
        * :py:meth:`StringSyntaxSelector` **!**
        * :ref:`selector_reference` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Locating a Workplane on a vertex
---------------------------------

Normally, the :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane` method requires a face to be selected. But if a vertex is selected
**immediately after a face**, :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane` will locate the workplane on the face, with the origin at the vertex instead
of at the center of the face

The example also introduces :py:meth:`Workplane.cutThruAll`, which makes a cut through the entire part, no matter
how deep the part is

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(3,2, 0.5)                 #make a basic prism
    result = result.faces(">Z").vertices("<XY").workplane()  #select the lower left vertex and make a workplane
    result = result.circle(1.0).cutThruAll()                 #cut the corner out
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cutThruAll` **!**

        * :ref:`selector_reference` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.vertices` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`
        * :py:meth:`StringSyntaxSelector` **!**

Offset Workplanes
--------------------------

Workplanes do not have to lie exactly on a face. When you make a workplane, you can define it at an offset
from an existing face.

This example uses an offset workplane to make a compound object, which is perfectly valid!

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(3, 2, 0.5)                 #make a basic prism
    result = result.faces("<X").workplane(offset=0.75)       #workplane is offset from the object surface
    result = result.circle(1.0).extrude(0.5)                 #disc
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`
        * :ref:`selector_reference` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Rotated Workplanes
--------------------------

You can create a rotated work plane by specifying angles of rotation relative to another workplane

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(4.0, 4.0, 0.25).faces(">Z").workplane()  \
         .transformed(offset=cq.Vector(0, -1.5, 1.0),rotate=cq.Vector(60, 0, 0)) \
         .rect(1.5,1.5,forConstruction=True).vertices().hole(0.25)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.transformed` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces`

Using construction Geometry
---------------------------

You can draw shapes to use the vertices as points to locate other features.  Features that are used to
locate other features, rather than to create them, are called ``Construction Geometry``

In the example below, a rectangle is drawn, and its vertices are used to locate a set of holes.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(2, 2, 0.5).faces(">Z").workplane() \
        .rect(1.5, 1.5, forConstruction=True).vertices().hole(0.125 )
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect` (forConstruction=True)
        * :ref:`selector_reference`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.hole`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Shelling To Create Thin features
--------------------------------

Shelling converts a solid object into a shell of uniform thickness.  To shell an object, one or more faces
are removed, and then the inside of the solid is 'hollowed out' to make the shell.


.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(2, 2, 2).faces("+Z").shell(0.05)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.shell` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Making Lofts
--------------------------------------------

A loft is a solid swept through a set of wires. This example creates lofted section between a rectangle
and a circular section.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(4.0, 4.0, 0.25).faces(">Z").circle(1.5) \
        .workplane(offset=3.0).rect(0.75, 0.5).loft(combine=True)

    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.loft` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`

Making Counter-bored and counter-sunk holes
----------------------------------------------

Counterbored and countersunk holes are so common that CadQuery creates macros to create them in a single step.

Similar to :py:meth:`Workplane.hole` , these functions operate on a list of points as well as a single point.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane(cq.Plane.XY()).box(4,2, 0.5).faces(">Z").workplane().rect(3.5, 1.5, forConstruction=True)\
    .vertices().cboreHole(0.125, 0.25, 0.125, depth=None)

    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cboreHole` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cskHole` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.vertices`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

Rounding Corners with Fillet
-----------------------------

Filleting is done by selecting the edges of a solid, and using the fillet function.

Here we fillet all of the edges of a simple plate.

.. cq_plot::

    result = cq.Workplane("XY" ).box(3, 3, 0.5).edges("|Z").fillet(0.125)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.fillet` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.edges`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

A Parametric Bearing Pillow Block
------------------------------------

Combining a few basic functions, its possible to make a very good parametric bearing pillow block,
with just a few lines of code.

.. cq_plot::

        (length,height,bearing_diam, thickness,padding) = ( 30.0, 40.0, 22.0, 10.0, 8.0)

        result = cq.Workplane("XY").box(length,height,thickness).faces(">Z").workplane().hole(bearing_diam) \
                .faces(">Z").workplane() \
                .rect(length-padding,height-padding,forConstruction=True) \
                .vertices().cboreHole(2.4, 4.4, 2.1)

        build_object(result)


Splitting an Object
---------------------

You can split an object using a workplane, and retain either or both halves

.. cq_plot::

        c = cq.Workplane("XY").box(1,1,1).faces(">Z").workplane().circle(0.25).cutThruAll()

        #now cut it in half sideways
        result = c.faces(">Y").workplane(-0.5).split(keepTop=True)
        build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.split` **!**
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cutThruAll`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

The Classic OCC Bottle
----------------------

CadQuery is based on the OpenCascade.org (OCC) modeling Kernel.  Those who are familiar with OCC know about the
famous 'bottle' example. http://www.opencascade.org/org/gettingstarted/appli/

A pythonOCC version is listed here
    http://code.google.com/p/pythonocc/source/browse/trunk/src/examples/Tools/InteractiveViewer/scripts/Bottle.py?r=1046

Of course one difference between this sample and the OCC version is the length. This sample is one of the longer
ones at 13 lines, but that's very short compared to the pythonOCC version, which is 10x longer!


.. cq_plot::

    (L,w,t) = (20.0, 6.0, 3.0)
    s = cq.Workplane("XY")

    #draw half the profile of the bottle and extrude it
    p = s.center(-L/2.0, 0).vLine(w/2.0) \
        .threePointArc((L/2.0, w/2.0 + t),(L, w/2.0)).vLine(-w/2.0) \
        .mirrorX().extrude(30.0,True)

    #make the neck
    p.faces(">Z").workplane().circle(3.0).extrude(2.0,True)

    #make a shell
    result = p.faces(">Z").shell(0.3)
    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 2

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.mirrorX`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.threePointArc`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.vertices`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.vLine`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.faces`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane`

A Parametric Enclosure
-----------------------

.. cq_plot::
    :height: 400

    #parameter definitions
    p_outerWidth = 100.0 #Outer width of box enclosure
    p_outerLength = 150.0 #Outer length of box enclosure
    p_outerHeight = 50.0 #Outer height of box enclosure

    p_thickness =  3.0 #Thickness of the box walls
    p_sideRadius =  10.0 #Radius for the curves around the sides of the bo
    p_topAndBottomRadius =  2.0 #Radius for the curves on the top and bottom edges of the box

    p_screwpostInset = 12.0 #How far in from the edges the screwposts should be place.
    p_screwpostID = 4.0 #nner Diameter of the screwpost holes, should be roughly screw diameter not including threads
    p_screwpostOD = 10.0 #Outer Diameter of the screwposts.\nDetermines overall thickness of the posts

    p_boreDiameter = 8.0 #Diameter of the counterbore hole, if any
    p_boreDepth = 1.0 #Depth of the counterbore hole, if
    p_countersinkDiameter = 0.0 #Outer diameter of countersink.  Should roughly match the outer diameter of the screw head
    p_countersinkAngle = 90.0 #Countersink angle (complete angle between opposite sides, not from center to one side)
    p_flipLid = True #Whether to place the lid with the top facing down or not.
    p_lipHeight =  1.0 #Height of lip on the underside of the lid.\nSits inside the box body for a snug fit.

    #outer shell
    oshell = cq.Workplane("XY").rect(p_outerWidth,p_outerLength).extrude(p_outerHeight + p_lipHeight)

    #weird geometry happens if we make the fillets in the wrong order
    if p_sideRadius > p_topAndBottomRadius:
        oshell.edges("|Z").fillet(p_sideRadius)
        oshell.edges("#Z").fillet(p_topAndBottomRadius)
    else:
        oshell.edges("#Z").fillet(p_topAndBottomRadius)
        oshell.edges("|Z").fillet(p_sideRadius)

    #inner shell
    ishell = oshell.faces("<Z").workplane(p_thickness,True)\
        .rect((p_outerWidth - 2.0* p_thickness),(p_outerLength - 2.0*p_thickness))\
        .extrude((p_outerHeight - 2.0*p_thickness),False) #set combine false to produce just the new boss
    ishell.edges("|Z").fillet(p_sideRadius - p_thickness)

    #make the box outer box
    box = oshell.cut(ishell)

    #make the screwposts
    POSTWIDTH = (p_outerWidth - 2.0*p_screwpostInset)
    POSTLENGTH = (p_outerLength  -2.0*p_screwpostInset)

    postCenters = box.faces(">Z").workplane(-p_thickness)\
        .rect(POSTWIDTH,POSTLENGTH,forConstruction=True)\
        .vertices()

    for v in postCenters.all():
       v.circle(p_screwpostOD/2.0).circle(p_screwpostID/2.0)\
            .extrude((-1.0)*(p_outerHeight + p_lipHeight -p_thickness ),True)

    #split lid into top and bottom parts
    (lid,bottom) = box.faces(">Z").workplane(-p_thickness -p_lipHeight ).split(keepTop=True,keepBottom=True).all()  #splits into two solids

    #translate the lid, and subtract the bottom from it to produce the lid inset
    lowerLid = lid.translate((0,0,-p_lipHeight))
    cutlip = lowerLid.cut(bottom).translate((p_outerWidth + p_thickness ,0,p_thickness - p_outerHeight + p_lipHeight))

    #compute centers for counterbore/countersink or counterbore
    topOfLidCenters = cutlip.faces(">Z").workplane().rect(POSTWIDTH,POSTLENGTH,forConstruction=True).vertices()

    #add holes of the desired type
    if p_boreDiameter > 0 and p_boreDepth > 0:
        topOfLid = topOfLidCenters.cboreHole(p_screwpostID,p_boreDiameter,p_boreDepth,(2.0)*p_thickness)
    elif p_countersinkDiameter > 0 and p_countersinkAngle > 0:
        topOfLid = topOfLidCenters.cskHole(p_screwpostID,p_countersinkDiameter,p_countersinkAngle,(2.0)*p_thickness)
    else:
        topOfLid= topOfLidCenters.hole(p_screwpostID,(2.0)*p_thickness)

    #flip lid upside down if desired
    if p_flipLid:
        topOfLid.rotateAboutCenter((1,0,0),180)

    #return the combined result
    result =topOfLid.combineSolids(bottom)

    build_object(result)

.. topic:: Api References

    .. hlist::
        :columns: 3

        * :py:meth:`Workplane.circle`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rect`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.extrude`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.box`
        * :py:meth:`CQ.all`
        * :py:meth:`CQ.faces`
        * :py:meth:`CQ.vertices`
        * :py:meth:`CQ.edges`
        * :py:meth:`CQ.workplane`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.fillet`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cut`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.combineSolids`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.rotateAboutCenter`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cboreHole`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.cskHole`
        * :py:meth:`Workplane.hole`

Lego Brick
-------------------

This script will produce any size regular rectangular Lego(TM) brick. Its only tricky because of the logic
regarding the underside of the brick.

.. cq_plot::
    :height: 400

    #####
    # Inputs
    ######
    lbumps = 6       # number of bumps long
    wbumps = 2       # number of bumps wide
    thin = True      # True for thin, False for thick

    #
    # Lego Brick Constants-- these make a lego brick a lego :)
    #
    pitch = 8.0
    clearance = 0.1
    bumpDiam = 4.8
    bumpHeight = 1.8
    if thin:
        height = 3.2
    else:
        height = 9.6

    t = (pitch - (2 * clearance) - bumpDiam) / 2.0
    postDiam = pitch - t  # works out to 6.5
    total_length = lbumps*pitch - 2.0*clearance
    total_width = wbumps*pitch - 2.0*clearance

    # make the base
    s = cq.Workplane("XY").box(total_length, total_width, height)

    # shell inwards not outwards
    s = s.faces("<Z").shell(-1.0 * t)

    # make the bumps on the top
    s = s.faces(">Z").workplane(). \
        rarray(pitch, pitch, lbumps, wbumps, True).circle(bumpDiam / 2.0) \
        .extrude(bumpHeight)

    # add posts on the bottom. posts are different diameter depending on geometry
    # solid studs for 1 bump, tubes for multiple, none for 1x1
    tmp = s.faces("<Z").workplane(invert=True)

    if lbumps > 1 and wbumps > 1:
        tmp = tmp.rarray(pitch, pitch, lbumps - 1, wbumps - 1, center=True). \
            circle(postDiam / 2.0).circle(bumpDiam / 2.0).extrude(height - t)
    elif lbumps > 1:
        tmp = tmp.rarray(pitch, pitch, lbumps - 1, 1, center=True). \
            circle(t).extrude(height - t)
    elif wbumps > 1:
        tmp = tmp.rarray(pitch, pitch, 1, wbumps - 1, center=True). \
            circle(t).extrude(height - t)
    else:
        tmp = s

    # Render the solid
    build_object(tmp)


Braille Example
---------------------

.. cq_plot::
    :height: 400

    from __future__ import unicode_literals, division
    from collections import namedtuple


    # text_lines is a list of text lines.
    # FreeCAD in braille (converted with braille-converter:
    # https://github.com/jpaugh/braille-converter.git).
    text_lines = ['⠠ ⠋ ⠗ ⠑ ⠑ ⠠ ⠉ ⠠ ⠁ ⠠ ⠙']
    # See http://www.tiresias.org/research/reports/braille_cell.htm for examples
    # of braille cell geometry.
    horizontal_interdot = 2.5
    vertical_interdot = 2.5
    horizontal_intercell = 6
    vertical_interline = 10
    dot_height = 0.5
    dot_diameter = 1.3

    base_thickness = 1.5

    # End of configuration.
    BrailleCellGeometry = namedtuple('BrailleCellGeometry',
                                     ('horizontal_interdot',
                                      'vertical_interdot',
                                      'intercell',
                                      'interline',
                                      'dot_height',
                                      'dot_diameter'))


    class Point(object):
        def __init__(self, x, y):
            self.x = x
            self.y = y

        def __add__(self, other):
            return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

        def __len__(self):
            return 2

        def __getitem__(self, index):
            return (self.x, self.y)[index]

        def __str__(self):
            return '({}, {})'.format(self.x, self.y)


    def brailleToPoints(text, cell_geometry):
        # Unicode bit pattern (cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_Patterns).
        mask1 = 0b00000001
        mask2 = 0b00000010
        mask3 = 0b00000100
        mask4 = 0b00001000
        mask5 = 0b00010000
        mask6 = 0b00100000
        mask7 = 0b01000000
        mask8 = 0b10000000
        masks = (mask1, mask2, mask3, mask4, mask5, mask6, mask7, mask8)

        # Corresponding dot position
        w = cell_geometry.horizontal_interdot
        h = cell_geometry.vertical_interdot
        pos1 = Point(0, 2 * h)
        pos2 = Point(0, h)
        pos3 = Point(0, 0)
        pos4 = Point(w, 2 * h)
        pos5 = Point(w, h)
        pos6 = Point(w, 0)
        pos7 = Point(0, -h)
        pos8 = Point(w, -h)
        pos = (pos1, pos2, pos3, pos4, pos5, pos6, pos7, pos8)

        # Braille blank pattern (u'\u2800').
        blank = '⠀'
        points = []
        # Position of dot1 along the x-axis (horizontal).
        character_origin = 0
        for c in text:
            for m, p in zip(masks, pos):
                delta_to_blank = ord(c) - ord(blank)
                if (m & delta_to_blank):
                    points.append(p + Point(character_origin, 0))
            character_origin += cell_geometry.intercell
        return points


    def get_plate_height(text_lines, cell_geometry):
        # cell_geometry.vertical_interdot is also used as space between base
        # borders and characters.
        return (2 * cell_geometry.vertical_interdot +
                2 * cell_geometry.vertical_interdot +
                (len(text_lines) - 1) * cell_geometry.interline)


    def get_plate_width(text_lines, cell_geometry):
        # cell_geometry.horizontal_interdot is also used as space between base
        # borders and characters.
        max_len = max([len(t) for t in text_lines])
        return (2 * cell_geometry.horizontal_interdot +
                cell_geometry.horizontal_interdot +
                (max_len - 1) * cell_geometry.intercell)


    def get_cylinder_radius(cell_geometry):
        """Return the radius the cylinder should have
        The cylinder have the same radius as the half-sphere make the dots (the
        hidden and the shown part of the dots).
        The radius is such that the spherical cap with diameter
        cell_geometry.dot_diameter has a height of cell_geometry.dot_height.
        """
        h = cell_geometry.dot_height
        r = cell_geometry.dot_diameter / 2
        return (r ** 2 + h ** 2) / 2 / h


    def get_base_plate_thickness(plate_thickness, cell_geometry):
        """Return the height on which the half spheres will sit"""
        return (plate_thickness +
                get_cylinder_radius(cell_geometry) -
                cell_geometry.dot_height)


    def make_base(text_lines, cell_geometry, plate_thickness):
        base_width = get_plate_width(text_lines, cell_geometry)
        base_height = get_plate_height(text_lines, cell_geometry)
        base_thickness = get_base_plate_thickness(plate_thickness, cell_geometry)
        base = cq.Workplane('XY').box(base_width, base_height, base_thickness,
                                      centered=(False, False, False))
        return base


    def make_embossed_plate(text_lines, cell_geometry):
        """Make an embossed plate with dots as spherical caps
        Method:
            - make a thin plate on which sit cylinders
            - fillet the upper edge of the cylinders so to get pseudo half-spheres
            - make the union with a thicker plate so that only the sphere caps stay
              "visible".
        """
        base = make_base(text_lines, cell_geometry, base_thickness)

        dot_pos = []
        base_width = get_plate_width(text_lines, cell_geometry)
        base_height = get_plate_height(text_lines, cell_geometry)
        y = base_height - 3 * cell_geometry.vertical_interdot
        line_start_pos = Point(cell_geometry.horizontal_interdot, y)
        for text in text_lines:
            dots = brailleToPoints(text, cell_geometry)
            dots = [p + line_start_pos for p in dots]
            dot_pos += dots
            line_start_pos += Point(0, -cell_geometry.interline)

        r = get_cylinder_radius(cell_geometry)
        base = base.faces('>Z').vertices('<XY').workplane() \
            .pushPoints(dot_pos).circle(r) \
            .extrude(r)
        # Make a fillet almost the same radius to get a pseudo spherical cap.
        base = base.faces('>Z').edges() \
            .fillet(r - 0.001)
        hidding_box = cq.Workplane('XY').box(
            base_width, base_height, base_thickness, centered=(False, False, False))
        result = hidding_box.union(base)
        return result

    _cell_geometry = BrailleCellGeometry(
        horizontal_interdot,
        vertical_interdot,
        horizontal_intercell,
        vertical_interline,
        dot_height,
        dot_diameter)

    if base_thickness < get_cylinder_radius(_cell_geometry):
        raise ValueError('Base thickness should be at least {}'.format(dot_height))

    build_object(make_embossed_plate(text_lines, _cell_geometry))

Panel With Various Connector Holes
-----------------------------------

.. cq_plot::
    :height: 400

    # The dimensions of the model. These can be modified rather than changing the
    # object's code directly.
    width = 400
    height = 500
    thickness = 2

    # Create a plate with two polygons cut through it
    result = cq.Workplane("front").box(width, height, thickness)

    h_sep = 60
    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(157,210-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-17.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-19.44306,-4.70416),(-20.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-21.25,2.3).threePointArc((-20.25416,4.70416),(-17.85,5.7)).lineTo(17.85,5.7).threePointArc((20.25416,4.70416),(21.25,2.3)).lineTo(20.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((19.44306,-4.70416),(17.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(157,-30-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-16.65,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(16.65,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-10.1889,-5.7).threePointArc((-12.59306,-4.70416),(-13.5889,-2.3)).lineTo(-14.4,2.3).threePointArc((-13.40416,4.70416),(-11,5.7)).lineTo(11,5.7).threePointArc((13.40416,4.70416),(14.4,2.3)).lineTo(13.5889,-2.3).threePointArc((12.59306,-4.70416),(10.1889,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    h_sep4DB9 = 30
    for idx in range(8):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(91,225-idx*h_sep4DB9).moveTo(-12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-6.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-8.44306,-4.70416),(-9.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-10.25,2.3).threePointArc((-9.25416,4.70416),(-6.85,5.7)).lineTo(6.85,5.7).threePointArc((9.25416,4.70416),(10.25,2.3)).lineTo(9.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((8.44306,-4.70416),(6.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(25,210-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-17.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-19.44306,-4.70416),(-20.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-21.25,2.3).threePointArc((-20.25416,4.70416),(-17.85,5.7)).lineTo(17.85,5.7).threePointArc((20.25416,4.70416),(21.25,2.3)).lineTo(20.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((19.44306,-4.70416),(17.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(25,-30-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-16.65,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(16.65,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-10.1889,-5.7).threePointArc((-12.59306,-4.70416),(-13.5889,-2.3)).lineTo(-14.4,2.3).threePointArc((-13.40416,4.70416),(-11,5.7)).lineTo(11,5.7).threePointArc((13.40416,4.70416),(14.4,2.3)).lineTo(13.5889,-2.3).threePointArc((12.59306,-4.70416),(10.1889,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(8):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(-41,225-idx*h_sep4DB9).moveTo(-12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-6.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-8.44306,-4.70416),(-9.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-10.25,2.3).threePointArc((-9.25416,4.70416),(-6.85,5.7)).lineTo(6.85,5.7).threePointArc((9.25416,4.70416),(10.25,2.3)).lineTo(9.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((8.44306,-4.70416),(6.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(-107,210-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(23.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-17.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-19.44306,-4.70416),(-20.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-21.25,2.3).threePointArc((-20.25416,4.70416),(-17.85,5.7)).lineTo(17.85,5.7).threePointArc((20.25416,4.70416),(21.25,2.3)).lineTo(20.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((19.44306,-4.70416),(17.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(-107,-30-idx*h_sep).circle(14).rect(24.7487,24.7487, forConstruction=True).vertices().hole(3.2).cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(8):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(-173,225-idx*h_sep4DB9).moveTo(-12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(12.5,0).circle(1.6).moveTo(-6.038896,-5.7).threePointArc((-8.44306,-4.70416),(-9.438896,-2.3)).lineTo(-10.25,2.3).threePointArc((-9.25416,4.70416),(-6.85,5.7)).lineTo(6.85,5.7).threePointArc((9.25416,4.70416),(10.25,2.3)).lineTo(9.438896,-2.3).threePointArc((8.44306,-4.70416),(6.038896,-5.7)).close().cutThruAll()

    for idx in range(4):
        result = result.workplane(offset=1, centerOption='CenterOfBoundBox').center(-173,-30-idx*h_sep).moveTo(-2.9176,-5.3).threePointArc((-6.05,0),(-2.9176,5.3)).lineTo(2.9176,5.3).threePointArc((6.05,0),(2.9176,-5.3)).close().cutThruAll()

    # Render the solid
    build_object(result)